What are preferred conceptions and beliefs about how things should be?

The correct choice is values. Values represent preferred conceptions and beliefs about how things should be, guiding individuals and societies in determining what is important, desirable, and worth pursuing. They shape ethical perspectives and priorities, influencing behavior and decision-making processes.

Values are foundational to social work practice, as they establish the framework through which social workers understand client situations, advocate for rights, and promote social justice. By recognizing and applying values like respect, integrity, and social responsibility, social workers can effectively engage with clients and communities, fostering a supportive environment for positive change.

In contrast, while principles provide overarching guidelines for behavior, they often stem from underlying values. Assumptions refer to beliefs accepted as true without evidence, and norms are established standards of behavior that reflect societal expectations. Values specifically characterize the ideals and beliefs that inform preferences, making them the most appropriate choice for this question.